(Chemical Symbol S.) - Element No.16 of the periodic system; atomic weight 32.06. Non-metal occurring in a number of allotropic modifications, the most common being a pale-yellow brittle solid. In steel most commonly encountered as an undesired contaminant. However, it is frequently deliberately added to cutting stock, to increase machinability.
The arrangement of parts; in crystals, especially, the shape and dimension of the unit cell, and the number, kinds and positions of the atoms within it.
(Cold Rolled) - A flat cold rolled steel product (Other than Flat Wire) 23 15/16" and narrower; under .250" in thickness, which has been cold reduced to desired decimal thickness and temper on single stand, single stand reversing, or tandem cold mills in coil form from coiled hot rolled pickled strip steel. ?
Long vein-like marks appearing on the surface of certain metals, in the direction of the maximum shear stress, when the metal is subjected to deformation beyond the yield point. Also termed Luders Lines. (Not a defect in No. 5 dead soft temper.)
(Also termed "patent leveling.") A method of making metal sheet or strip dead flat by stretching.
A process of forming panels and cowls of large curvature by stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape. This method is more rapid than hammering and beating.
Low temperature annealing for removing internal stresses, such as those resulting in a metal from work hardening or quenching.
Deforming force to which a body is subjected, or. the resistance which the body offers to deformation by the force. (See also Strain and Hooke?s Law.)
An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures lower than the recrystallization range.
Deformation produced on a body by an outside force. )See also Stress and Hooke?s Law.)
An iron alloy. A term indicating a group of stainless steels the principal alloying element of which is chromium in varying amounts from 4.00 to 27.00%.
Steel sheets or strip adhering. Usually by fusion spots caused by overheating during box annealing.
Iron, malleable in at least one rang of temperature below its melting point without special heat treatment substantially free from slag, and containing carbon more than about 0.05% and less than about 2.00%. Other alloying elements may be present in significant quantities, but all steels contain at least small amounts of manganese and silicon, and usually as undesirable constituents, also sulfur and phosphorus.
A term used to refer to various press forming operations in coining, embossing, blanking, and pressing.
Corrosion resistant steel of a wide variety, but always containing a high percentage of chromium. These are highly resistant to corrosion attack by organic acids, weak mineral acids atmospheric oxidation, etc.
A thermal treatment designed to precipitate material from solid solution, in order to improve the workability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden at room temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability under service at slightly elevated temperatures.
A treatment applied to austentic stainless steels that contain titanium or columbium. This treatment consists of heating to a temperature below that of a full anneal in order to precipitate the maximum amount of carbon at titanium carbide or columbium carbide. This eliminates precipitation at lower temperatures, which might reduce the resistance of the steel to corrosion.
An indicator of elastic stresses, frequently measured as the increase in diameter of a curved strip after removing it from the mandrel about which it was held. The measurement is employed as an indicator of the extent of recovery or relief of residual stresses that has been achieved by the transformation of elastic strain to plastic strain during heating or stress relieving.
Compound of tungsten and carbon, of composition varying between WC and W2C; imbedded in a matrix of soft metal, such as cobalt, extensively used for Sintered Carbide Tools (See).
(Chemical symbol W) - Element No. 74 of the periodic system; atomic weight 183.92. Gray metal of high tensile strength, ductile and malleable when specially handled. It is immune to atmospheric influences and most acids, but not to strong alkalies. The metal is used as filament and in thin sheet form in incandescent bulbs and radio tubes. (1) Forms hard abrasion resistant particles in tool steels. (2) Promotes hardness and strength at elevated temperatures.
Cleaning articles by rotating them in a cylinder with cleaning materials.
A method for determining microhardness by using a Knoop diamond indenter or Vickers square-base pyramid indenter.
Supplied cold rolled and bright annealed. Carbon content about .70 Manganese .74. Must be formed very severely and must be as free as possible from decarburization.
Hardened and tempered spring steel. .90 to 1 .05 carbon content. Ordinary tolerances, but rolled extra flat Rockwell C 50. Used in the manufacture of plastering trowels.
Tempered martensite that etches rapidly, usually appears dark, and is not resolved by the microscope.
The temperature at which transformation occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range.
Temperature range over which a chemical or metallurgical change takes place.
A constitutional change in a solid metal, e.g., the change from gamma to alpha iron, or the formation of pearlite from austenite.
Extremely small quantity of an element, usually too small to determine quantitatively.
Property of resisting fracture or distortion. Usually measured by impact test, high impact values indicating high toughness.
Any high carbon or alloy steel capable of being suitable tempered for use in the manufacture of tools.
(Chemical Symbol Ti) - Element No. 22 of the periodic system; atomic weight 47.90; melting point about 3270?F.; boiling point over 5430?F.; specific gravity 4.5. Bright white metal, very malleable and ductile when exceedingly pure. Its principal functions as an alloy in the making of steel (1) Fixes carbon in inert particles (a) reduces martensitic hardness and hardenability in medium chromium steel (b) prevents formation of austenite in high-chromium steels (c) prevents localized depletion of chromium in stainless steel during long heating. Now finding application in its own right because of its high strength and good corrosion resistance.
Coating with tin, commonly either by immersion into molten tin or by electro deposition; also by spraying.
Electroplating metal objects with tin; the object to be coated is made cathode (negative electrode) in an electrolytic bath containing a decomposable tin salt.
A Tin Plate Base Box is measured in terms of pounds per Base Box (112 sheets 14" x 20") a unit peculiar to the tin industry. This corresponds to it?s area of sheet totaling to 31.360 square inches of any gage and is applied to tin plate weighing from 55 to 275 pounds per base box. To convert to decimal thickness multiply weight per base box by .00011.
(Chemical Symbol Sn) - Element No. 50 of the periodic system; atomic weight 118.70. Soft silvery white metal of high malleability and ductility, but low tensile strength; melting point 449?F., boiling point 4384?F., yielding the longest molten-state range for any common metal; specific gravity 7.28. Principal use as a coating on steel in tin plate; also as a constituent in alloys.
(A) - In stainless steel strip tempers are based on a minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades three-quarter hard temper is 175,000 T.S., 135,000 Y.S. min. (B) In Brass mill terminology, this temper is three B & S numbers hard or 29.4% thickness reduction.
A hardened and tempered, edged, ground, and polished thin section, high carbon strip steel. Usually ?" in width and in thicknesses from .001 to .050" manufactured to extremely close tolerances. It is used primarily for determining measurement of openings by tool and die makers, machinists, and automobile technicians. It is prepared in handy pocket size knife-like holders containing an assembly of various thicknesses. Also prepared in standard 12" lengths with rounded ends in 10? and 25? coils. Universally used in the metal industry.
A device for measuring temperatures by the use of two dissimilar metals in contact; the junction of these metals gives rise to a measurable electrical potential with changes in temperature.
Sheet steel, coated with a lead-tin alloy. The percentage of tin is usually kept as low as possible because of its high cost; however, about 15% is normally necessary in order to obtain proper coating of the steel, since pure lead does not alloy with iron and some surface alloying is necessary for proper adhesion.
(Also called ultimate strength) - Breaking strength of a material when subjected to a tensile (stretching) force. Usually measured by placing a standard test piece in the jaws of a tensile machine, gradually separating the jaws, and measuring the stretching force necessary to break the test piece. Tensile strength is commonly expressed as pounds (or tons) per square inch of original cross section.
(Also termed "drawing.") - A process of reheating quench-hardened or normalized steel to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired. The primary purpose of tempering is to impart a degree of plasticity or toughness to the steel to alleviate the brittleness of its martensite.
Any medium or high carbon (excluding clock spring) strip steel of spring quality which has been hardened and tempered to meet specifications. Where specification calls for blue or straw color, same is accomplished by passing through heat prepared at proper temperature depending on color required. Blue is developed at approximately 600?F.
90/1.03 carbon range (Also known as clock spring steel.) - This product, while similar to general description under heading of Tempered Spring Steel Strip, is manufactured and processed with great and extreme care exercised in each step of its production. Manufactured from carbon range of 90/1.03 with Rockwell range C 48/51. Clock spring quality has been ground and polished with edges dressed. It is usually supplied dark blue in color and has a wide range of uses, such as coiled and flat mechanical springs, ignition vibrator springs, springs for timing devices, springs for the electric and electronic fields, steel tapes,
Subjecting metal sheet or strip to a slight amount of cold rolling following annealing (usually ? to 1? %) to
Any of a number of strip steels produced for use in the manufacture of steel springs or where high tensile properties are requires marketed in the annealed state, hard rolled or as hardened and tempered strip.
Steel, normally of the high-carbon or alloy type, used in the manufacture of springs, lending itself to appropriate heat treatment; usually made is the open hearth or electric furnace.
An electric-resistance welding process in which the fusion is limited to a small area. The pieces being welded are presses together between a pair of water-cooled electrodes through which an electrical current is passed during a very short interval so that fusion occurs over a small area at the interface between the pieces.
The procedure of making sheet metal discs into hollow shapes by pressing the metal against a rotating form (spinning chuck) by a tool.
High-manganese pig iron, containing 15-30% manganese, approximately 5% carbon, and less than 1% silicon, used in the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer, or basic open-hearth process.
Any process of prolonged heating and slow cooling of steel which will convert the carbide content into rounded or spheroid form.
(Prime Western Specter) - A low-grade of Virgin Zinc containing approximately 98% Zinc used in Galvanizing processes.
(X-rays) - An instrument using an extended surface a photographic plate or film, or a fluorescent screen for receiving the X-ray diffraction pattern.
A numerical value representing the weight of a given substance as compared with the weight of an equal volume of water, for which the specific gravity is taken as 1 .0000.
(Crystal) - A system of equivalent points formed by the intersections of three sets of planes parallel to pairs of principal axes; the space lattice may be thought of as formed by the corners of the unit cells.
Structure of steel resulting, on cooling under the proper conditions from the decomposition of austenite; has a fine, lamellar appearance.
Structure of steel, resulting from the tempering of martensite. In a truly sorbitic structure, the cementite is completely dispersed in the matrix. The trend is to call this structure tempered martensite.
A process in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature, is held at this temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution and is them cooled rapidly to hold the constituent in solution. The metal is left in a supersaturated, unstable state and may subsequently exhibit age hardening.
Joining metals by fusion of alloys that have relatively low melting points most commonly, lead-base or tin-base alloys, which are the soft solders. Hard solders are alloys that have silver, copper, or nickel bases and use of these alloys with melting points higher than 800?F. is generally termed brazing.
Reduction in ductility of a metal or alloy, associated with local penetration by molten solder along grain boundaries,
(No.4 Temper) - In low carbon-rolled strip steel, soft and ductile. Produced by subjecting annealed strip to a pinch pass or skin rolling (a very light rolling).
(Defect) - Loose metal piece rolled down onto the surface of the metal during the rolling operations.
The edges of sheet or strip metal resulting from cutting to width by rotary slitters.
A product resulting from the action of a flux on the nonmetallic constituents of a processed ore, or on the oxidized metallic constituents that are undesirable. Usually slags consist of combinations of acid oxides with basic oxides, and neutral oxides are added to aid fusibility.
A thin surface layer that is different from the main mass of a metal object, in composition structure or other characteristics.
A plate of steel or wrought iron from which pipe or tubing is made by rolling the skelp into shape longitudinally and welding or riveting the edges together.
Converting powder into a continuous mass by heating to a temperature considerably below fusion, usually after preliminary compacting by pressure.
Composite, containing carbides of extremely refractory metals, such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium, etc., cemented together by a relatively low-melting metal, such as cobalt acing as a matrix.
A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hold excess molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrinkage of the ingot. Also called "shrink head" or "feeder head."
Used for making sinkers in hosiery making machinery. Supplied both hardened and tempered and cold rolled and annealed. Usually extra precision rolled and extra flat. Carbon content about 1.25.
A forming press that operates with a single function, such as moving a punch into a die with no simultaneous action for holding down the clank or ejecting the formed work.
Alloys of silver, copper, zinc and other metals, melting between 650 and 875?C, used for making strong yet moderately ductile joints that resist corrosion.
A steel fracture that has a very smooth fine train or silky appearance.
Steel usually made in the basic open-hearth or electric furnace, with about 0.50-5.% silicon, other elements being usually kept as low as possible, Because of high electrical resistance end low hysteresis loss, silicon sheet and strip are standard in electric magnet manufacture.
(Chemical Symbol Si) - Element No. 14 of the periodic system; atomic weight 28.06. Extremely common element, the major component of all rocks and sands; its chemical reactions, however, are those of a metalloid. Used in metallurgy as a deoxidizing scavenger. Silicon is present, to some extent, is all steels, and is deliberately added to the extent of approximately 4% for electric sheets, extensively used in alternating current magnetic circuits. Silicon cannot be electrodeposited.
A void left in cast metals as a result of solidification shrinkage and the progressive freezing of metal towards the center.
Cleaning surface of metal by air blast, using metal shot as an abrasive.
A term applying to terne coated (Lead and Tin) sheets with reference to Base Box sizes (14" x 20") Refer to terne plate. ?
A thin flat hard metal strip produced to close tolerances; used primarily for tool, die and machine alignment purposes. In steel there are four general types: (1) Low Carbon Rockwell B 80/100; (2) Hard Rolled High Carbon Rockwell C 28/33; (3) Hardened and Tempered Spring Steel Rockwell C 44/51; (4) Austinitic Stainless Steel Rockwell C 35/45. Brass shim of commercial quality is also used and most generally specified is 2 Nos. Hard but may be 4 Nos. Hard.
A type of cutting operation in which the metal object is cut by means of a moving blade and fixed edge or by a pair of moving blades that may be either flat or curved.
Steel incompletely deoxidized, to permit evolution of sufficient carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrinkage.
Steel in the form of billets, blooms, etc., requiring further working before completion into finished steel ready for marking.
Cast iron (not steel) of high quality, obtained by using a large percentage of steel scrap with the pig iron.
A steel containing sufficient carbon or alloying element, or both, to form martensite either through air hardening or, as in welding and induction hardening, through rapid removal of heat from a locally heated portion by conduction into the surrounding cold metal. See also air- hardening steel.
In an alloy, concentration sufficient carbon or alloying elements at specific regions, usually as a result of the primary crystallization of one phase with the subsequent concentration of other elements in the remaining liquid.
Used for laminated piston rings. Carbon content about .70%. Hardened and blue tempered with round edges. Hardness usually Rockwells 30 N 68 to 71, widths vary from .058 to .163 and thicknesses are .020, .024 and .030.
The designation given to sheet or strip that has imperfections in moderate degree or extent, which may be classified in two general groups imperfections in the base material, or other manufacturing defects. This term not used in connection with non-ferrous alloys.