(For a crystal) - A group of points arranged about a center in such a way that the line joining each point to the center is perpendicular to a family of planes in the crystal, and the length of this line is inversely proportional to their interplanar distance.
Edges of Sheet or Strip which are torn, split, cracked, ragged or burred or otherwise disfigured.
A nondestructive method of internal examination in which metal objects are exposed to a beam of X-ray or gamma radiation. Differences in thickness, density or absorption, caused by internal defects or inclusions, are apparent in the shadow image either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film placed behind the object.
(See annealing) - A box which is heated, inside, by means of tubes on which gas is burned; the hot tubes radiate their heat to the covered pile of metal, standing on the base of the box. Usually a protective atmosphere is maintained in the box to protect the metal from oxidation.
In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water. In the case of most copper base alloys, quenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling.
(Steel) - A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process usually involves the formation of martensite.
(No 3 TEMPER) - (A) In low carbon cold-rolled strip steel, a medium soft temper produced by a limited amount of cold rolling after annealing. (B) In brass mill terminology. Quarter-Hard is one B and S number hard or 10.95% reduction. (C) In stainless steel terminology tempers are based on minimum tensile, or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades Quarter Hard Temper is 125,000 T.S., 75,000 Y.S. min.
Copper base alloys, with 3.5 to 10% of tin, to which has been added in the molten state phosphorous in varying amounts of less than 1% for deoxidizing and strengthening purposes. Because of excellent toughness, strength, fine grain, resistance to fatigue and wear, and chemical resistance, these alloys find general use as springs and in making fittings. It has corrosion resisting properties comparable to copper.
Non-elastic or plastic, deformation of metal under stress, after passing the elastic limit.
Nickel alloys containing about 20 to 60% Fe, used for their high magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity.
Lamellar structure resembling mother of pearl. A compound of iron and carbon occurring in steel as a result of the transformation of austenite into aggregations of ferrite and iron carbide.
A sheet product on which a raised or indented pattern has been impressed on either one or both surfaces by the use of rolls.
Treatment of steel, usually in wire form, in which the metal is gradually heated to about 1830?F., with subsequent cooling, usually in air, in a bath of molten lead, or in a fused salt mixture held between 800?F. and 1050?F.
Rolling two or more pieces of thin sheet at the same time, a method usually practiced in rolling sheet into thin foil.
(crystal) - Arrangement of certain crystal axes or crystal planes in a polycrystalline aggregate with respect to a given direction or plane. If there is any tendency for one arrangement to predominate, it is known as the preferred orientation; in the absence of any such preference, random orientation exists.
(effect) - A surface roughening (defect) encountered in forming products from metal stock that has a coarse grain size. It is due to uneven flow or to the appearance of the overly large grains usually the result of annealing at too high a temperature. Also referred to as "pebbles" and ?alligator skin."
Process of making steel by heating the metal in the hearth of a regenerative furnace. In the basic open-hearth steel process, the lining of the hearth is basic, usually magnesite; whereas in the acid open- hearth steel process, an acid material, silica, is used as the furnace lining and pig iron, extremely low in phosphorous (less than 0.04%), is the raw material charged in.
Rough surface on black plate, sheet or strip, resulting from imperfections in the original steel bars from which the plate was rolled.
A method of measuring the ductility and drawing properties of strip or sheet metal which involves determination of the width and depth of impression. The test simulating a deep drawing operation is made by a standard steel ball under pressure, continuing until the cup formed from the metal sample fractures. Readings are in thousandths of an inch. This test is sometimes used to detect stretcher straining and indicates the surface finish after drawing, similar to the Erichsen ductility test,
Steel adaptable to hardening by heat treatment and quenching in oil.
Stain produced by the incomplete burning of the lubricants on the surface of the sheet. Rolling subsequent to staining will change color from darker browns to lighter browns down to white.
A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and quenching in oil.
Steel containing nickel as an alloying element. Varying amounts are added to increase the strength in the normalized condition to enable hardening to be performed in oil or air instead of water.
(Chemical symbol Ni) - Element No.28 of the periodic system; atomic weight 58.69. Silvery white, slightly magnetic metal, of medium hardness and high degree of ductility and malleability and resistance to chemical aid atmospheric corrosion; melting point 2651?F.; boiling point about 5250?F., specific gravity 8.90. Used for electroplating. Used as an alloying agent, it is of great importance in iron-base alloys in stainless steels and in copper-base alloys such as Cupro-Nickel, as well as in nickel-base alloys such as Monel Metal. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel making: (1) Strengthens unquenched or annealed steels. (2) Toughens pearlitic-ferritic
A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are surrounded by envelopes of another constituent which gives a network.
Usually supplied quarter hard rolled, extra precision rolled with sheared edges. Carbon content 1.25?Chromium .15. Usually supplied in a 2" width from .002 to .035. Used for cutting the eye of needle and milling the latch in a latch needle,
(Steel) - Not as smooth as normal mill finish. Produced by etched or mechanically roughened finishing rolls.
A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way that the combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic or free carbon or, in some instances, part of the carbon is removed completely.
The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal when the metal is subjected to rolling or hammering. The more malleable metals can be hammered or rolled into thin sheet more easily than others.
The structure of metal as revealed by macroscopic examination.
Visible either with the naked eye or under low magnification (as great as about ten diameters).
A photographic reproduction of any object that has not been magnified more than ten times.
Consists of immersing a carefully prepared section of the steel in hot acid and of examining the etching surface to evaluate the soundness and homogeneity of the product being tested.
A term applied to Open-Hearth steel wire if the .45/75 carbon range either hard drawn or oil tempered. Oil tempered wire of M B and W M ?B types are the most widely used of all spring wired. Oil tempered wire is more ?suitable to precision forming and casting operations than hard drawn wire, ?because of close control of tensile strength and superior straightness.
Metals and alloys that have a low specific gravity, such as beryllium, magnesium and aluminum.
Flattening rolled metal sheet or strip (See Roller and Stretcher Leveling].
Space lattice. Lattice lines and lattice planes are lines and planes chosen so as to pass through collinear lattice points, and noncollinear lattice points, respectively.
A term applied to a weld formed by lapping two pieces of metal and then pressing or hammering, and applied particularly to the longitudinal joint produced by a welding process for tubes or pipe, in which the edges of the skelp are beveled or scarfed so that when they are overlapped they can be welded together.
A surface defect appearing as a seam, caused by folding over hot metal, fins or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into the surface but not welding them.
A defect appearing in sheets or strips as a segregation or in layers. To become divided, caused by gas pockets in the ingot (See Cold Shut).
A term applied to the chemical analysis representative or in layers. To as reported by the producer. It is determined by analyzing a test ingot sample obtained during the pouring of the steel from a ladle
The term "killed" indicates that the steel has been sufficiently deoxidized to quiet the molten metal when poured into the ingot mold. The general practice is to use aluminum ferrosilicon or manganese as deoxidizing agents. A properly killed steel is more uniform as to analysis and is comparatively free from aging. However, for the same carbon and manganese content killed Steel is harder than Rimmed Steel. In general all steels above 0.25% carbon are killed, also all forging grades, structural steels from 0.15% to 0.25% carbon and some special steels in the low carbon range. Most steels below 0.15%
Hardened, tempered and bright polished with round edges. Carbon content .85. Range of sizes .039 to .393 in width and .016 to .039 in thickness.
A process on which a ferrous alloy is heated to produce a structure partly or wholly austenitic, and is then cooled to and held at a temperature that causes transformation of the austenite to a relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate.
Thinning the walls of deep drawn articles by reducing the clearance between punch and die.
(Chemical Symbol Fe.) Element No. 26 of the periodic system; Atomic weight 55.85. A magnetic silver-white metal of high tensile strength ductile and malleable. Melting point of pure iron about 2795?F. Chemically iron is chiefly base forming. The principal forms of commercial iron are steel, cast iron and wrought iron.
The aging of an alloy at two or more temperatures by steps, and cooling to room temperatures after each step. Compare with progressive aging.
An annealing treatment given to wrought metals following cold work hardening for the purpose of softness prior to further cold working. (See Process Annealing.)
The placing of a sheet of paper between two adjacent layers of metal to facilitate handling and shearing of rectangular sheets, or to prevent sticking or scratching.
A substance which retards some specific chemical reaction. Pickling inhibitors retard the dissolution of metal without hindering the removal of scale from steel.
A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation range by means of electrical induction, and then cooling as required.
The resistance of a material to indentation. This is the usual type of hardness test, in which a pointed or rounded indenter is pressed into a surface under a substantially static load.
Particles of impurities [usually oxides, sulfides, silicates, etc.) that are held mechanically or are formed during the solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
Test designed to determine the resistance of metal to breakage by impact, usually by concentrating the applied stress to a notched specimen.
The ability of a metal, usually steel, to harden in depth as distinguished from the terms "hardness." (See.)
(A) For Steel see Full Hard Temper (B) In brass mill terminology. Hard Temper is four B & S numbers hard or 37.1% reduction.
A medium high carbon cold drawn spring steel wire, Used principally for cold wound springs.
Wire or tubing drawn to high tensile strength by a high degree of cold work.
Drawing metal wire through a die to reduce cross section and increase tensile strength.
(A) No.2 Temper. In low carbon cold-rolled strip steel, produced by cold rolling to a hardness next to but somewhat softer than full hard temper (B) In brass Stainless Steel Strip, Tempers are based on minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades Half-Hard Temper 150,000 TS., 110,000 Y.S. Min.
(Defect) - Scratches or marks appearing parallel to edges of cold rolled strip caused by scale or other particles which have become imbedded in or have adhered to the rolling mill guide. Also applies to similar scratches appearing as a result of slitting.
Device for holding the metal in the proper position, during rolling, or slitting.
Annealed and preground (to close tolerances) tool steel flats in standard sizes ready for tool room use. These are three common grades; water hardening, oil hardening, and air hardening quality.
A heating and cooling process by which the combined carbon in cast iron or steel is transformed, wholly or partly, to graphitic or free carbon.
A coarse grain or pebbly surface condition which becomes evident during drawing. Refer to Orange Peel.
Average diameter of grains in the metal under consideration, or alternatively, the number of grains per unit area. Since increase in grain size is paralleled by lower ductility and impact resistance, the question of general grain size is of great significance. The addition of certain metals affects grain size, for example vanadium and aluminum tend to give steel a fine grain. The ASTM has set up a grain size standard for steels, and the McQuaid-Ehn Test has been developed as a method of measurement.
An increase in metallic crystal size as annealing temperature is raised; growth occurs by invasion of crystal areas by other crystals.
Bounding surface between crystals. When alloys yield new phases (as in cooling), grain boundaries are the preferred location for the appearance of the new phase. Certain deteriorations, such as season cracking and caustic embrittlement, occur almost exclusively at grain boundaries.
A solid polyhedral (or many sided crystal) consisting of groups of atoms bound together in a regular geometric pattern. In mill practice grains are usually studied only as they appear in one plane. (1) Direction of. Refers to grain fiber following the direction of rolling and parallel to edges of strip or sheets. (2) To bend across the grain is to bend at right angles to the direction of rolling. (3) To bend with the grain is to bend parallel to the direction of rolling. In steel, the ductility in the direction of rolling is almost twice that at
A copper-zinc alloy containing 95% copper and 5% zinc. While similar to deoxidized copper in physical properties, it is somewhat stronger and very ductile. It has thermal and electrical conductivity slightly better than half that of electrolytic copper and corrosion resistance comparable to copper
The form of iron stable between 1670?F and characterized by a face-centered cubic crystal structure.
Coating steel with zinc and tin (principally zinc) for rustproofing purposes. Formerly for the purpose of galvanizing, cut length steel sheets were passed singly through a bath of the molten metal. Today?s galvanizing processing method consists of uncoiling and passing the continuous length of successive coils either through a molten bath of the metal termed Hot Dipped Galvanizing or by continuously zinc coating the uncoiled sheet electrolytically- termed ELECTRO-GALVANIZING.
The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal of particles from localized areas due to seizure during sliding friction.
Mfrs. standard numbering systems indicating decimal thickness or diameters.
Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by drawing the strip over a series of small steel files. This is the usual and accepted method of dressing the edges of annealed spring steel strip after slitting in cases where edgewise slitting cracks are objectionable or slitting burr is to be removed.
Unit stress which exists at any given point in a structural element subjected to load; given as load per unit area.
Direction in which metals have been caused to flow, as by rolling, with microscopic evidence in the form of fibrous appearance in the direction of flow.
Related to iron (derived from the Latin ferrum.) Ferrous alloys are, therefore, iron base alloys.
An alloy of iron with a sufficient amount of some element or elements such as manganese, chromium, or vanadium for use as a means in adding these elements into molten steel.
An alloy of iron and manganese (80% manganese) used in making additions of manganese to steel or cast-iron.
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stress. Fatigue fractures are progressive beginning as minute cracks and grow under the action of fluctuating stress.
(concerning cubic space lattices) - Having equivalent points at the corners of the unit cell and at the centers of its six faces. A face-centered cubic space lattice is characteristic of one of the close- packed arrangements of equal hard spheres.
1. Decoration and protection against corrosion copper, nickel and chromium 2. Protection against corrosion cadmium or zinc 3. Protection against wear chromium 4. Build-up of a part or parts undersize chromium or nickel 5. Plate for rubber adhesion brass 6. Protection against carburization and for brazing operations copper and nickel
Black Plate (See definition) that has been Tin plated on both sides with commercially pure tin by electro deposition (refer Tin Plating.)
(Electrolytic Brightening) - An anodic treatment. A cleaning, polishing, or oxidizing treatment in which the specimen or work is made the anode in a suitable electrolyte; an inert metal is used as cathode and a potential is applied.
Galvanizing (see) by electro deposition of zinc on steel.
Steel made in any furnace where heat is generated electrically, almost always by arc. Because of relatively high cost, only tool steels and other high-value steels are made by the electric furnace process.
Maximum stress that a material will stand before permanent deformation occurs.